American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) Certification Practice Test

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What condition is characterized by the dilation of one or both kidneys due to fluid backup?

Nephrolithiasis
Hydronephrosis
Cholecystitis
Pyleonephritis

The correct answer is: Hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis is characterized by the dilation of one or both kidneys resulting from the buildup of urine due to an obstruction in the urinary tract. This condition can lead to increased pressure within the kidney, potentially causing damage to renal tissues if not addressed. Hydronephrosis typically arises when there is a blockage in the ureter, which can occur due to a variety of causes, including stones, tumors, or strictures. In contrast, nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of kidney stones, which may contribute to hydronephrosis but do not define the condition itself. Cholecystitis is related to inflammation of the gallbladder and does not involve the kidneys, while pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal pelvis often resulting from a urinary tract infection, rather than a direct result of fluid backup or dilation. Therefore, hydronephrosis explicitly encompasses the dilation caused by fluid retention, distinguishing it clearly from the conditions represented in the other options.